Experience drawn from the comparison between first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy can promote effective policy responses to decrease the negative impact on people’s health in recurring waves and in potential future pandemics. 15 The factors of a relative better preparedness of countries to cope with COVID-19 pandemic crisis could be associated with a relative smaller population or better governance and higher expenditures in health systems. 12–14 Moreover, speedy optimal vaccination rollout for the population is a useful strategy to decrease infection rate and mortality before the take off of a next pandemic wave. 10, 11 Countries implemented lockdown policies, public event cancellations, placing restrictions on private gatherings, closing schools and workplaces, quarantine or extensive testing in order to curb COVID-19 transmissions, and additionally the real-time monitoring of transmissibility mortality is vital. 9 Non-pharmaceutical interventions such as wearing masks, hand hygiene, disinfection of surfaces, social distancing and self isolation are educated to the general public to slow down or decrease the spreading of COVID-19. 4–8 A recent systematic review suggests that some ethnic factors might also influence COVID-19 outcome. Industrialized regions with high levels of air pollution have a significant impact on higher infection and mortality rate. Pollution increase the diffusion rate of viral infectivity which might have stronger infectivity than human-to-human transmission. 3 Transmission dynamics include two categories, one is the transmission between humans and the other is from air pollution to human which is also the airborne viral infectivity. 2 SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the human body cells and releases its RNA genome into the cytoplasm, and then initiates the replication of its viral RNA to generate a new virus to infect other healthy cells. 1 The SARS-CoV-2 virus bears strong similarity to SARS-CoV and mainly enter cells by utilizing its spike(S) glycoproteins which is complementary to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors in the epithelial cells of the human lungs. Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus name of “SARS‐CoV‐2”, caused the outbreak of COVID‐19 pandemic and scientists from all over the world have been racing to find a cure for COVID-19. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, immunotherapy, CRISPR Cas Thus personalized cocktails of immunotherapeutics and CRISPR Cas systems against COVID-19 as a strategy might prevent further disease progression and circumvent immunity escape. Moreover, CRISPR Cas technology are proposed in hypotheses to degrade the viral RNA in order to terminate the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. The CRISPR Cas technology could be utilized to refine the specificity and safety of CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 during various stages of the COVID-19 disease progression in infected individuals. In cell based therapeutics, apart from the high costs, risks and side effects, there are technical problems such as the production of sufficient potent immune cells and antibodies under limited time to treat the COVID-19 patients in mild conditions prior to progression into a more severe case. As the development of vaccine, convalescent plasma, neutralizing antibodies are based on the understanding of human immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, boosting human body immune responses in case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, immunotherapeutics seem feasible as specific cure against COVID-19 if the present challenges are overcome. This narrative review aims to briefly outline various immunotherapeutic options and discuss the potential of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR Cas system technology against COVID-19 treatment as specific cure. The continually emerging new variants of concern raise the question as to whether the existing vaccines will continue to provide sufficient protection for individuals from SARS-CoV-2 during natural infection. 28, Desheng Road Section, Liguan Road, Lishui Town, Nanhai District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, 528000, People’s Republic of China, Email Ībstract: The COVID-19 has plunged the world into a pandemic that affected millions. 1Department of Cardiology, Changzhou Jintan First People’s Hospital, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 213200, People’s Republic of China 2Department of Health Management, Centre of General Practice, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, 528000, People’s Republic of ChinaĬorrespondence: Xiao Xue Zeng, Department of Health Management, Centre of General Practice, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.
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